1 Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences EAS 4641 Spring 2007 Lab 2 Introduction to Quantitative Analysis: Chemistry.
How to Write Guide: Sections of the Paper...| Table. Contents | FAQs | PDF.
Version |Why. a Scientific Format? The scientific format. One reason for using this format is that it. Another. reason, perhaps more important than the first, is that this format. For. example, many people skim Titles to find out what information. Others may read only titles and Abstracts. Those wanting to go deeper may.
Tables. and Figures in. Results, and so on.
The take home point. Top of page. The Sections of.
Paper. Most journal- style scientific papers are. Title. Authors and Affiliation, Abstract. Introduction, Methods. Results, Discussion. Acknowledgments, and Literature. Cited, which parallel the experimental process. This is the. system we will use.
This website describes the style, content. The sections appear in a journal style. Section Headings: Main Section Headings: Each main section of the paper begins with a. Do not underline the section. OR put a colon at the end.
Example of a main section heading: INTRODUCTIONSubheadings. When your paper reports on more. Subheadings should be capitalized (first letter. OR underlined. Example of a subheading: Effects of Light. Intensity on the Rate of Electron Transport.
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Top of page. Title, Authors' Names. Institutional Affiliations. Function: Your paper should. Title that succinctly describes the contents. Use descriptive words that you would associate. A majority of readers.
Title. FAQs. 3. Format: The title should be centered at. DO NOT use a title page - it is a waste of.
NOT underlined or italicized. PI or primary. author first) and institutional affiliation are double- spaced. When more then two authors. For example: Ducks Over- Winter in Colorado. Barley Fields in Response to Increased Daily Mean Temperature Ima Mallard, Ura Drake, and Woodruff. Ducque. Department of Wildlife Biology, University of Colorado - Boulder.
Top of page. The title is not a section, but it is. The title should be short and unambiguous.
A general rule- of- thumb. Remember that the title becomes the basis. For example, in a paper. Mouse Behavior. Why?
It is very general, and could be. A better. title would be: The Effects of Estrogen on the Nose- Twitch Courtship Behavior. Mice. Why? Because the key words identify a. If possible, give the key result of the study in the title, as. Similarly, the above title could be.
Estrogen Stimulates Intensity. Nose- Twitch Courtship Behavior in Mice. Strategy. for Writing Title. Top. of page. ABSTRACT 1.
Function. An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the major. Introduction)state the purpose very clearly in the. Methods)clearly express the basic design of the. Name or briefly describe the basic methodology. Results)report those results which answer the. Discussion)clearly state the implications of the.
Whereas the. Title can only make the simplest statement. . Abstract allows you to.The length. of your Abstract should be kept to about 2.
Limit your statements. The Abstract. helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the. Therefore, enough. Abstract useful to someone.
Top of page. How. Abstract? A simple rule- of- thumb is to imagine that you. If your Abstract was the only part of the paper.
Style: The Abstract is ONLY text.Use the active voice.Write your Abstract using concise, but complete, sentences, and. more.
Use past tense. Maximum length. The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain: lengthy background information,references to other literature,elliptical (i. Top of page. 3. Strategy: Although it.
Abstract, by definition. To begin. composing your Abstract, take whole sentences or key phrases. Then set about revising or adding words to make it. As you become more proficient you will.
Abstract from scratch. Check your work: Once you.
Confirm that all the information appearing the. Top. of page. INTRODUCTION1. Function: The function of the. Introduction is to: Establish the context of the work being. This is accomplished by discussing the relevantprimary research literature (with.
State the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question. Briefly explain your rationale. Quite literally, the Introduction must. What was I studying?
Why. was it an important question? What did we know about it.
I did this study? How will this study advance our knowledge?"2. Style: Use the. active voice as much as possible. Some use of first person is. Top of page. 3. Structure: The. Introduction can be thought of as an inverted. Organize the information to present the more general.
Introduction, then narrow toward. A good way to get on track is to sketch out the Introduction.
Once the scientific context is decided. Introduction should begin. Here is the information should flow in.
Introduction: Begin your Introduction by clearly. Do this by using key words from your Title.
Introduction to get it focused. This insures that. For example. in the mouse behavior paper, the words hormones and behavior. Introduction. Top of page. Establish the context by providing. The. key is to summarize (for the reader) what we knew about the specific.
This. is accomplished with a general review of the primary research. Discussion. The judgment of what is general. In the mouse behavior paper, for example, you. Introduction at the level of mating behavior.
Lead the reader to your. Top of page. What. Focus your. efforts on the primary research journals - the journals. Although you may read. Cite, instead, articles that. Learn, as soon. as possible, how to find the primary literature (research.
The articles listed in the Literature Cited. Most academic libraries. Citation Index - an index which is useful. Some of. the newer search engines will actually send you alerts of new.
Review. articles are particularly useful because they summarize all. Top of page. Be sure. When you are first learning to write in this.
The purpose of this study was to.." or "We. It is most usual to place the statement. Introduction, often as the topic. It is not necessary (or even. Top of page. Provide.
For example: State briefly. This will. usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph. Introduction. Why did you choose this kind of experiment.
What are the scientificmerits. What advantages does. Do not discuss here the actual techniques or protocols. Materials. and Methods); your readers will be quite familiar with the. If you are. using a novel (new, revolutionary, never used before). Introduction. Top. Page. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis section is variously called Methods.
Methods and Materials. Function. In this section you explain clearly how you carried out. ONLY. for human studies. OR sampling design (i.
For example, controls, treatments, what variable(s). Organize. your presentation so your reader will understand the logical. Each experiment or procedure should be presented as. The experimental. In general, provide enough quantitative.
You should also indicate the statistical. Style. The style in this section should read as if you were verbally. You may use the active. Avoid. use of the first person in this section. Remember to use the. The Methods sectionis nota step- by- step, directive, protocol as you.
Strategy. for writing the Methods section. Methods. FAQs. Top of Page. Describe the. organism(s) used in the study. This includes giving the (1) source (supplier or where. In genetics studies include the strains or genetic stocks used. For some studies, age may be an important factor.
For example. did you use mouse pups or adults? Seedlings or mature plants? FOR FIELD. STUDIES ONLY: Describe the site. The description must include both physical. Include the date(s) of the study (e. April 1. 99. 4) and the exact location of the study area. Location. data must be as precise as possible: "Grover Nature Preserve.
SW Grover, Maine" rather than "Grover Nature. Preserve" or "Grover". When possible, give the. GPS units, OR, from web resources. Google Earth(TM) and Map. Quest(TM). It is often a good idea to include a map. Figure) showing the study location in relation.
Someone else. should be able to go to the exact location of your study site. NOTE: For laboratory. UNLESS it is necessary information for someone. Most often it is not. If you have performed experiments. Top of Page. Describe.
Be. sure to include the hypotheses you tested, controls. Always identify treatments by the variable or treatment. NOT by an ambiguous, generic name or number (e. Na. Cl" rather than "test 1".) When your. A general experimental.
Describe the procedures for your study in sufficient. Foremost in your. When using standard lab or field methods and instrumentation. You may want to identify certain types.
BLOG — NYrture New York Natto. Nattokinase enzyme can be extracted from natto or now made by bacteria alone, and is commonly sold in pill form as shown above at Whole Foods.
It's not cheap and, like probiotic supplements, it's unlikely that this shelf- stable, isolated form of nattokinase is as active as the protein coming from live Bacillus in natto food. Why, oh why not just eat fresh, delicious, nutritious and less expensive natto? References: (1) Fujita, M.; Nomura, K.; Hong, K.; Ito, Y.; Asada, A.; Nishimuro, S. Purification and Characterization of a Strong Fibrinolytic Enzyme (Nattokinase) in the Vegetable Cheese Natto, a Popular Soybean Fermented Food in Japan". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1.
PMID (2) Wikipedia [Nattokinase] https: //en. Nattokinase (3) Wikipedia [serine protease]: https: //en. Serine_protease (4) Yanagisawa, Y.; Chatake, T.; Chiba- Kamoshida, K.; Naito, S.; Ohsugi, T.; Sumi, H.; Yasuda, I.; Morimoto, Y.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X- ray diffraction experiment of nattokinase from. Bacillus subtilis natto". Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 6. Hs,u R. L. et al. Amyloid- degrading ability of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto. J Agric Food Chem. Jan 2. 8; 5. 7(2): 5.